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Piano & keyboards
Piano solo 596
Easy Piano 471
Piano Trio: piano, violin, cello 72
Piano Accompaniment 63
1 Piano, 4 hands 39

Organ 36
C Instruments 35
Piano, Voice 35
2 Pianos, 4 hands 32
Piano, Vocal and Guitar 29
Piano (band part) 9
Piano Quartet: piano, violin, viola, cello 7
Keyboard 6
Piano Quartet: piano, 2 violins, cello 6
Piano Quintet: piano, 2 violins, viola, cello 4
1 Piano, 6 hands 3
Accordion 3
2 Pianos, 8 hands 2
Organ, Trumpet (duet) 2
Organ, Piano (duet) 2

+ 15 instrumentations

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Guitars
Guitar notes and tablatures 185
Guitar 123
Ukulele 75
2 Guitars (duet) 62
Bass guitar 33

Guitar (band part) 23
Dulcimer 12
Melody line, (Lyrics) and Chords 11
Guitar Ensemble 11
Mandolin 9
4 Guitars (Quartet) 7
2 Dulcimers (duet) 7
Piano, Guitar (duet) 7
3 Guitars (trio) 5
2 Ukuleles 2
Lyrics and Chords 2
Banjo 2
Dobro 1
2 Mandolins (duet) 1

+ 14 instrumentations

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Voice
Choral SATB 27
Choral 2-part 18
Choral 3-part 12
Soprano voice, Piano 7
Choral Unison 7

Choral TTBB 5
Vocal duet 4
Choral SSAA 2
Vocal duet, Piano 1

+ 4 instrumentations

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Woodwind
2 Saxophones (duet) 690
2 Clarinets (duet) 476
2 Flutes (duet) 452
Saxophone (band part) 186
2 Oboes (duet) 154

Woodwind Quintet: flute, oboe, bassoon, clarinet, horn 145
Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon 136
Clarinet 121
Saxophone Quartet: 4 saxophones 112
Clarinet and Piano 104
Flute and Piano 90
Saxophone Quintet: 5 Saxophones 89
Flute 89
Oboe, Piano (duet) 76
Clarinet Quartet: 4 clarinets 76
Clarinet, Violin (duet) 75
Flute, Clarinet (duet) 71
2 Recorders (duet) 70
Alto Saxophone 69
Saxophone, Clarinet (duet) 69
Oboe (band part) 64
Clarinet, Trumpet (duet) 60
Oboe, Bassoon (duet) 54
3 Clarinets (trio) 54
Alto Saxophone and Piano 49
Flute, Violin 45
Oboe, Clarinet (duet) 45
Clarinet (band part) 43
Flute, Viola (duet) 43
Tenor Saxophone and Piano 40
Clarinet and Viola 39
3 Saxophones (trio) 38
Flute Trio: 3 flutes 37
Flute Quartet: 4 flutes 35
Flute, Saxophone (duet) 31
Soprano Saxophone and Piano 29
Flute (band part) 29
Baritone Saxophone, Piano 27
Flute, Violoncello 25
Clarinet, Bassoon (duet) 25
Oboe, Cello 24
Flute, Trumpet (duet) 24
Descant (Soprano) Recorder 22
Clarinet, Cello (duet) 22
Flute, Oboe (duet) 22
Oboe 21
Oboe, Violin (duet) 20
Clarinet Ensemble 19
Flute ensemble 19
Oboe, Flute 19
Flute, Oboe, Clarinet (trio) 19
Treble (Alto) Recorder 19
English horn, Piano 18
Clarinet Quintet: 5 clarinets 18
Flute, Clarinet and Bassoon. 17
Soprano Saxophone 17
Tenor Saxophone 16
Saxophone ensemble 15
Recorder 14
Baritone Saxophone 13
Flute, Violin, Piano 13
Tenor Recorder 13
Flute, Oboe, Bassoon 13
English Horn 13
Recorder Quartet 10
Clarinet, Trombone (duet) 9
Oboe and viola (duet) 9
Flute, Clarinet, Horn and Bassoon (Quartet) 8
2 Clarinets, Bassoon 7
Flute, Violin and Violoncello 6
Clarinet, Double bass (duet) 5
Flute Quintet : 5 flutes 4
Flute and Guitar 4
Flute, Cello, Piano (trio) 3
Flute, Clarinet, Piano (trio) 3
2 Oboes and Basson 3
2 Clarinets, Piano 3
Flute, Trombone (duet) 3
Treble (Alto) Recorder, Piano 3
Descent (Soprano) Recorder, Piano 3
3 Recorders (trio) 3
Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon (trio) 3
Flute, Tuba (duet) 2
Oboe, Clarinet and Piano (Trio) 2
Flute, Bassoon, and Piano 2
Oboe, Guitar (duet) 2
Bass Clarinet 2
Clarinet, Bassoon, Piano (trio) 2
Oboe, Bassoon and Piano 2
2 Recorders, Piano 2
2 Saxophones, Piano 2
Harmonica 2
Clarinette, Viola and Piano (trio) 2
Saxophone and Organ 2
Oboe, Cello and Piano 2
Clarinet, Cello, Piano (trio) 2
Flute, Viola and Piano 2
Oboe, Trombone (duet) 2
Oboe, Violin, Piano 2
Clarinet, Guitar (duet) 2
Saxophone and cello 1
2 English horns and Pianoforte 1
Oboe, Violin, Viola and Violoncello (Quartet) 1
Piccolo, Piano 1
Flute, Organ (duet) 1
Saxophone 1
Saxophone, Bassoon (duet) 1
Piccolo 1
5 Recorders 1
Recorder, Guitar (duet) 1
Clarinet, Tuba 1
Clarinet, Organ 1
Flute and Strings Trio 1
2 Flutes, Piano 1
3 Oboes 1

+ 110 instrumentations

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Woodbrass
Brass Quintet: 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, tuba 318
2 Trombones (duet) 196
Brass quartet : 2 trumpets, trombone, tuba 174
2 Trumpets (duet) 167
Trombone (band part) 108

Trumpet 100
Trumpet (band part) 90
French horn 88
Trombone 86
Trumpet, Piano 78
Brass Quartet 71
Tuba 65
Trombone and Piano 63
Trumpet, Trombone (duet) 60
French Horn and Piano 55
Brass Quartet: 2 trumpets, horn, trombone 53
Trumpet, Saxophone (duet) 53
Tuba and Piano 47
2 French horns (duet) 38
French horn (band part) 37
Tuba (band part) 27
2 Euphoniums (duet) 24
English horn, Piano 18
2 Tubas (duet) 17
Euphonium, Piano (duet) 17
English Horn 13
Brass Quartet: 4 trombones 11
Horn, Cello (duet) 11
3 Trombones (trio) 11
2 Euphoniums and 2 Tubas 10
Trumpet, Horn (duert) 9
Brass Trio 9
3 Trumpets (trio) 8
Trumpet ensemble 5
Euphonium 5
4 Tubas 5
Euphonium, Tuba (duet) 4
Brass Quartet: 2 trumpets, 2 trombones 4
Trombone, Tuba (duet) 4
Trombone, Organ 4
Trumpet, Cello (duet) 3
Trumpet, Tuba (duet) 3
Brass Quartet: 4 horns 3
Trumpet, Bassoon (duet) 3
Trombone, Violin (duet) 3
Trumpet, Trombone, Piano 3
Horn Ensemble 2
Brass Quartet: 4 trumpets 2
Bb Instruments 2
3 French horns (trio) 2
Trombone ensemble 2
2 English horns and Pianoforte 1
Trumpet and Guitar 1
Bass Clef Instruments 1
3 Tubas (trio) 1
2 Trumpets, Keyboard (piano or organ) 1
Bass Trombone 1

+ 52 instrumentations

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Strings
String Quartet: 2 violins, viola, cello 1,078
2 Violins (duet) 299
Violin and Piano 219
2 Violas (duet) 187
2 Cellos (duet) 185

Violin 140
Cello, Piano 124
2 Harps (duet) 122
Violin, Cello (duet) 116
String Quintet: 2 violins, viola, cello, bass 107
Viola, Piano 95
String Trio: violin, viola, cello 93
String Trio: 2 violins, cello 85
Viola 84
Violin, Viola (duet) 82
Cello (band part) 79
Double Bass 60
Violin (band part) 57
Harp 51
Double bass, Piano (duet) 44
Doublebass (band part) 36
Cello 32
Viola (band part) 29
2 Double basses (duet) 27
String Trio: 2 violins, viola 23
Viola, Cello (duet) 21
Violin, Bassoon (duet) 19
Viola and Bassoon 16
Cello and Marimba 15
4 Cellos 11
Cello, String Bass (duet) 10
String quartet: 4 violins 9
Flute, Doublebass (duet) 7
Piano Trio: Violin, Viola, Piano 5
2 Violins, Piano 5
String Trio: 3 violins 5
4 Double Basses 5
String Trio: 3 cellos 5
Violin, Tuba (duet) 3
Harp, Violin, Violoncello 3
Violin, Clarinet, Piano (trio) 3
String Trio: 3 violas 3
3 double basses 2
Violin, Guitar (duet) 2
Cello, Organ 2
Violin, Cello, Clarinet 2
String Quartet : 4 violas 2
Viola, Organ 1
String Quintet: 2 violins, 2 violas, cello 1
Cello Ensemble 1
Cello, Orchestra 1
String Quintet: 2 violins, viola, 2 cellos 1
2 Cellos, Piano 1

+ 48 instrumentations

- Retract

Percussion & orchestra
Concert band 699
String Orchestra 377
Orchestra 171
Brass ensemble 145
Percussion Ensemble 83

Jazz Ensemble 82
Chamber Orchestra 56
Marimba 54
Handbells 47
Vibraphone, Piano 27
Marching band 26
Percussion 25
Timpani 20
Xylophone 20
Drum (band part) 17
Percussion (band part) 15
Jazz combo 13
Vibraphone and Marimba 12
2 Xylophones 12
Vibraphone 10
Drums 10
Snare drums 7
Xylophone, Piano 7
String Quintet : 2 Violins, Viola, Violoncello, Doublebass, Keyboard 6
Flexible Instrumentation 5
School Ensemble 5
Mariachi 4
2 Marimbas 4
Piano and Orchestra 1

Conga 1

+ 25 instrumentations

- Retract

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Piano and Orchestra

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Concerto

Concerto #Piano and Orchestra #ADVANCED #Contemporary #Gyorgy Ligeti #Concerto #Schott Music - Digital #SheetMusicPlus

Piano and orchestra - difficult - Digital Download For piano and orchestra. Composed by Gyorgy Ligeti (1923-2006). This edition: solo part. Downloadable. D...(+)

Piano and orchestra - difficult - Digital Download For piano and orchestra. Composed by Gyorgy Ligeti (1923-2006). This edition: solo part. Downloadable. Duration 24 minutes. Schott Music - Digital #Q53630. Published by Schott Music - Digital
I composed the Piano Concerto in two stages: the first three movements during the years 1985-86, the next two in 1987, the final autograph of the last movement was ready by January, 1988. The concerto is dedicated to the American conductor Mario di Bonaventura. .

The markings of the movements are the following: .

1. Vivace molto ritmico e preciso .
2. Lento e deserto .
3. Vivace cantabile .
4. Allegro risoluto .
5. Presto luminoso.

The first performance of the three-movement Concerto was on October 23rd, 1986 in Graz. Mario di Bonaventura conducted while his brother, Anthony di Bonaventura, was the soloist. Two days later the performance was repeated in the Vienna Konzerthaus. After hearing the work twice, I came to the conclusion that the third movement is not an adequate finale. my feeling of form demanded continuation, a supplement. That led to the composing of the next two movements. The premiere of the whole cycle took place on February 29th, 1988, in the Vienna Konzerthaus with the same conductor and the same pianist. .

The orchestra consisted of the following: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, tenor trombone, percussion and strings. The flautist also plays the piccoIo, the clarinetist, the alto ocarina. The percussion is made up of diverse instruments, which one musician-virtuoso can play. It is more practical, however, if two or three musicians share the instruments. Besides traditional instruments the percussion part calls also for two simple wind instruments: the swanee whistle and the harmonica. The string instrument parts (two violins, viola, cello and doubles bass) can be performed soloistic since they do not contain divisi. For balance, however, the ensemble playing is recommended, for example 6-8 first violins, 6-8 second, 4-6 violas, 4-6 cellos, 3-4 double basses. .

In the Piano Concerto I realized new concepts of harmony and rhythm. .

The first movement is entirely written in bimetry: simultaneously 12/8 and 4/4 (8/8). This relates to the known triplet on a doule relation and in itself is nothing new. Because, however, I articulate 12 triola and 8 duola pulses, an entangled, up till now unheard kind of polymetry is created. The rhythm is additionally complicated because of asymmetric groupings inside two speed layers, which means accents are asymmetrically distributed. These groups, as in the talea technique, have a fixed, continuously repeating rhythmic structures of varying lengths in speed layers of 12/8 and 4/4. This means that the repeating pattern in the 12/8 level and the pattern in the 4/4 level do not coincide and continuously give a kaleidoscope of renewing combinations. .

In our perception we quickly resign from following particular rhythmical successions and that what is going on in time appears for us as something static, resting. This music, if it is played properly, in the right tempo and with the right accents inside particular layers, after a certain time rises, as it were, as a plane after taking off: the rhythmic action, too complex to be able to follow in detail, begins flying. This diffusion of individual structures into a different global structure is one of my basic compositional concepts: from the end of the fifties, from the orchestral works Apparitions and Atmospheres I continuously have been looking for new ways of resolving this basic question. The harmony of the first movement is based on mixtures, hence on the parallel leading of voices. This technique is used here in a rather simple form. later in the fourth movement it will be considerably developed. .

The second movement (the only slow one amongst five movements) also has a talea type of structure, it is however much simpler rhythmically, because it contains only one speed layer. The melody is consisted in the development of a rigorous interval mode in which two minor seconds and one major second alternate therefore nine notes inside an octave. This mode is transposed into different degrees and it also determines the harmony of the movement. however, in closing episode in the piano part there is a combination of diatonics (white keys) and pentatonics (black keys) led in brilliant, sparkling quasimixtures, while the orchestra continues to play in the nine tone mode. .

In this movement I used isolated sounds and extreme registers (piccolo in a very low register, bassoon in a very high register, canons played by the swanee whistle, the alto ocarina and brass with a harmon-mute' damper, cutting sound combinations of the piccolo, clarinet and oboe in an extremely high register, also alternating of a whistle-siren and xylophone). The third movement also has one speed layer and because of this it appears as simpler than the first, but actually the rhythm is very complicated in a different way here. Above the uninterrupted, fast and regular basic pulse, thanks to the asymmetric distribution of accents, different types of hemiolas and inherent melodical patterns appear (the term was coined by Gerhard Kubik in relation to central African music). If this movement is played with the adequate speed and with very clear accentuation, illusory rhythmic-melodical figures appear. These figures are not played directly. they do not appear in the score, but exist only in our perception as a result of co-operation of different voices. .

Already earlier I had experimented with illusory rhythmics, namely in Poeme symphonique for 100 metronomes (1962), in Continuum for harpsichord (1968), in Monument for two pianos (1976), and especially in the first and sixth piano etude Desordre and Automne a Varsovie (1985). .

The third movement of the Piano Concerto is up to now the clearest example of illusory rhythmics and illusory melody. In intervallic and chordal structure this movement is based on alternation, and also inter-relation of various modal and quasi-equidistant harmony spaces. The tempered twelve-part division of the octave allows for diatonical and other modal interval successions, which are not equidistant, but are based on the alternation of major and minor seconds in different groups. The tempered system also allows for the use of the anhemitonic pentatonic scale (the black keys of the piano). From equidistant scales, therefore interval formations which are based on the division of an octave in equal distances, the twelve-tone tempered system allows only chromatics (only minor seconds) and the six-tone scale (the whole-tone: only major seconds). .

Moreover, the division of the octave into four parts only minor thirds) and three parts (three major thirds) is possible. In several music cultures different equidistant divisions of an octave are accepted, for example, in the Javanese slendro into five parts, in Melanesia into seven parts, popular also in southeastern Asia, and apart from this, in southern Africa. This does not mean an exact equidistance: there is a certain tolerance for the inaccurateness of the interval tuning. .

These exotic for us, Europeans, harmony and melody have attracted me for several years. However I did not want to re-tune the piano (microtone deviations appear in the concerto only in a few places in the horn and trombone parts led in natural tones). After the period of experimenting, I got to pseudo- or quasiequidistant intervals, which is neither whole-tone nor chromatic: in the twelve-tone system, two whole-tone scales are possible, shifted a minor second apart from each other. Therefore, I connect these two scales (or sound resources), and for example, places occur where the melodies and figurations in the piano part are created from both whole tone scales. in one band one six-tone sound resource is utilized, and in the other hand, the complementary. In this way whole-tonality and chromaticism mutually reduce themselves: a type of deformed equidistancism is formed, strangely brilliant and at the same time slanting. illusory harmony, indeed being created inside the tempered twelve-tone system, but in sound quality not belonging to it anymore. .

The appearance of such slantedequidistant harmony fields alternating with modal fields and based on chords built on fifths (mainly in the piano part), complemented with mixtures built on fifths in the orchestra, gives this movement an individual, soft-metallic colour (a metallic sound resulting from harmonics). .

The fourth movement was meant to be the central movement of the Concerto. Its melodc-rhythmic elements (embryos or fragments of motives) in themselves are simple. The movement also begins simply, with a succession of overlapping of these elements in the mixture type structures. Also here a kaleidoscope is created, due to a limited number of these elements - of these pebbles in the kaleidoscope - which continuously return in augmentations and diminutions. .

Step by step, however, so that in the beginning we cannot hear it, a compiled rhythmic organization of the talea type gradually comes into daylight, based on the simultaneity of two mutually shifted to each other speed layers (also triplet and duoles, however, with different asymmetric structures than in the first movement). While longer rests are gradually filled in with motive fragments, we slowly come to the conclusion that we have found ourselves inside a rhythmic-melodical whirl: without change in tempo, only through increasing the density of the musical events, a rotation is created in the stream of successive and compiled, augmented and diminished motive fragments, and increasing the density suggests acceleration. .

Thanks to the periodical structure of the composition, always new but however of the same (all the motivic cells are similar to earlier ones but none of them are exactly repeated. the general structure is therefore self-similar), an impression is created of a gigantic, indissoluble network. Also, rhythmic structures at first hidden gradually begin to emerge, two independent speed layers with their various internal accentuations. .

This great, self-similar whirl in a very indirect way relates to musical associations, which came to my mind while watching the graphic projection of the mathematical sets of Julia and of Mandelbrot made with the help of a computer. I saw these wonderful pictures of fractal creations, made by scientists from Brema, Peitgen and Richter, for the first time in 1984. From that time they have played a great role in my musical concepts. This does not mean, however, that composing the fourth movement I used mathematical methods or iterative calculus. indeed, I did use constructions which, however, are not based on mathematical thinking, but are rather craftman's constructions (in this respect, my attitude towards mathematics is similar to that of the graphic artist Maurits Escher). .I am concerned rather with intuitional, poetic, synesthetic correspondence, not on the scientific, but on the poetic level of thinking. .

The fifth, very short Presto movement is harmonically very simple, but all the more complicated in its rhythmic structure: it is based on the further development of ''inherent patterns of the third movement. The quasi-equidistance system dominates harmonically and melodically in this movement, as in the third, alternating with harmonic fields, which are based on the division of the chromatic whole into diatonics and anhemitonic pentatonics. Polyrhythms and harmonic mixtures reach their greatest density, and at the same time this movement is strikingly light, enlightened with very bright colours: at first it seems chaotic, but after listening to it for a few times it is easy to grasp its content: many autonomous but self-similar figures which crossing themselves. .

I present my artistic credo in the Piano Concerto: I demonstrate my independence from criteria of the traditional avantgarde, as well as the fashionable postmodernism. Musical illusions which I consider to be also so important are not a goal in itself for me, but a foundation for my aesthetical attitude. I prefer musical forms which have a more object-like than processual character. Music as frozen time, as an object in imaginary space evoked by music in our imagination, as a creation which really develops in time, but in imagination it exists simultaneously in all its moments. The spell of time, the enduring its passing by, closing it in a moment of the present is my main intention as a composer. .
(Gyorgy Ligeti)

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