Instrumental Conducting Performance Materials

SKU: GI.G-9524

This remarkable book contains twelve short musical excerpts of great instrumental works—“mini scores” designed to accompany any instrumental conducting texts and intended to be performed in any instrumental conducting class. Each excerpt presents specific challenges for developing conductors to explore as they acquire knowledge, gain experience, and develop conducting techniques. The orchestration of each excerpt is designed to be flexible while at the same time providing high-quality music for use in any instrumental conducting class. The full score and parts of each excerpt, all in one spiral-bound book, are designed to help any conducting student mark and memorize a score, learn to conduct using the limited instrumentation in a typical conducting class, and experience working with a wide range of repertoire. Even if players are not able to cover all the parts for an excerpt, there are still numerous possibilities for using this music in a classroom setting. States author John M. Laverty: “I hope this resource will give you the materials to enhance your level of conducting skill, and as a result give you confidence to step in front of live musicians playing real instruments and make music.” Excerpts from: Brahms: Symphony No. 1, op. 68: Mvt. IV, Adagio Fučík: The Florentiner March, op. 214 Janáček: Lachian Dances, op. 2: “Pilky” an d “Starodálv ný” Mahler: Symphony No. 3: Mvt. VI, Langsam Maurer: 12 Kleine Stück: “du Style” Mozart: Requiem, K. 626: Mvt. 1 (“Requiem”) Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition: “The Great Gate of Kiev” and “The Hut of Baba-Yaga” Schumann: Zigeunerleben (“Gypsy Life”), op. 29, No. 3 Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 4: Mvt. 1, Andante sostenuto, Symphony No. 6: Mvt. 2, Allegro con grazia.

SKU: CF.PL1056

ISBN 9781491153390. UPC: 680160910892. Transcribed by Franz Liszt.

Introduction It is true that Schubert himself is somewhat to blame for the very unsatisfactory manner in which his admirable piano pieces are treated. He was too immoderately productive, wrote incessantly, mixing insignificant with important things, grand things with mediocre work, paid no heed to criticism, and always soared on his wings. Like a bird in the air, he lived in music and sang in angelic fashion. --Franz Liszt, letter to Dr. S. Lebert (1868) Of those compositions that greatly interest me, there are only Chopin's and yours. --Franz Liszt, letter to Robert Schumann (1838) She [Clara Schumann] was astounded at hearing me. Her compositions are really very remarkable, especially for a woman. There is a hundred times more creativity and real feeling in them than in all the past and present fantasias by Thalberg. --Franz Liszt, letter to Marie d'Agoult (1838) Chretien Urhan (1790-1845) was a Belgian-born violinist, organist and composer who flourished in the musical life of Paris in the early nineteenth century. According to various accounts, he was deeply religious, harshly ascetic and wildly eccentric, though revered by many important and influential members of the Parisian musical community. Regrettably, history has forgotten Urhan's many musical achievements, the most important of which was arguably his pioneering work in promoting the music of Franz Schubert. He devoted much of his energies to championing Schubert's music, which at the time was unknown outside of Vienna. Undoubtedly, Urhan was responsible for stimulating this enthusiasm in Franz Liszt; Liszt regularly heard Urhan's organ playing in the St.-Vincent-de-Paul church in Paris, and the two became personal acquaintances. At eighteen years of age, Liszt was on the verge of establishing himself as the foremost pianist in Europe, and this awakening to Schubert's music would prove to be a profound experience. Liszt's first travels outside of his native provincial Hungary were to Vienna in 1821-1823, where his father enrolled him in studies with Carl Czerny (piano) and Antonio Salieri (music theory). Both men had important involvements with Schubert; Czerny (like Urhan) as performer and advocate of Schubert's music and Salieri as his theory and composition teacher from 1813-1817. Curiously, Liszt and Schubert never met personally, despite their geographical proximity in Vienna during these years. Inevitably, legends later arose that the two had been personal acquaintances, although Liszt would dismiss these as fallacious: I never knew Schubert personally, he was once quoted as saying. Liszt's initial exposure to Schubert's music was the Lieder, what Urhan prized most of all. He accompanied the tenor Benedict Randhartinger in numerous performances of Schubert's Lieder and then, perhaps realizing that he could benefit the composer more on his own terms, transcribed a number of the Lieder for piano solo. Many of these transcriptions he would perform himself on concert tour during the so-called Glanzzeit, or time of splendor from 1839-1847. This publicity did much to promote reception of Schubert's music throughout Europe. Once Liszt retired from the concert stage and settled in Weimar as a conductor in the 1840s, he continued to perform Schubert's orchestral music, his Symphony No. 9 being a particular favorite, and is credited with giving the world premiere performance of Schubert's opera Alfonso und Estrella in 1854. At this time, he contemplated writing a biography of the composer, which regrettably remained uncompleted. Liszt's devotion to Schubert would never waver. Liszt's relationship with Robert and Clara Schumann was far different and far more complicated; by contrast, they were all personal acquaintances. What began as a relationship of mutual respect and admiration soon deteriorated into one of jealousy and hostility, particularly on the Schumann's part. Liszt's initial contact with Robert's music happened long before they had met personally, when Liszt published an analysis of Schumann's piano music for the Gazette musicale in 1837, a gesture that earned Robert's deep appreciation. In the following year Clara met Liszt during a concert tour in Vienna and presented him with more of Schumann's piano music. Clara and her father Friedrich Wieck, who accompanied Clara on her concert tours, were quite taken by Liszt: We have heard Liszt. He can be compared to no other player...he arouses fright and astonishment. His appearance at the piano is indescribable. He is an original...he is absorbed by the piano. Liszt, too, was impressed with Clara--at first the energy, intelligence and accuracy of her piano playing and later her compositions--to the extent that he dedicated to her the 1838 version of his Etudes d'execution transcendante d'apres Paganini. Liszt had a closer personal relationship with Clara than with Robert until the two men finally met in 1840. Schumann was astounded by Liszt's piano playing. He wrote to Clara that Liszt had played like a god and had inspired indescribable furor of applause. His review of Liszt even included a heroic personification with Napoleon. In Leipzig, Schumann was deeply impressed with Liszt's interpretations of his Noveletten, Op. 21 and Fantasy in C Major, Op. 17 (dedicated to Liszt), enthusiastically observing that, I feel as if I had known you twenty years. Yet a variety of events followed that diminished Liszt's glory in the eyes of the Schumanns. They became critical of the cult-like atmosphere that arose around his recitals, or Lisztomania as it came to be called; conceivably, this could be attributed to professional jealousy. Clara, in particular, came to loathe Liszt, noting in a letter to Joseph Joachim, I despise Liszt from the depths of my soul. She recorded a stunning diary entry a day after Liszt's death, in which she noted, He was an eminent keyboard virtuoso, but a dangerous example for the young...As a composer he was terrible. By contrast, Liszt did not share in these negative sentiments; no evidence suggests that he had any ill-regard for the Schumanns. In Weimar, he did much to promote Schumann's music, conducting performances of his Scenes from Faust and Manfred, during a time in which few orchestras expressed interest, and premiered his opera Genoveva. He later arranged a benefit concert for Clara following Robert's death, featuring Clara as soloist in Robert's Piano Concerto, an event that must have been exhilarating to witness. Regardless, her opinion of him would never change, despite his repeated gestures of courtesy and respect. Liszt's relationship with Schubert was a spiritual one, with music being the one and only link between the two men. That with the Schumanns was personal, with music influenced by a hero worship that would aggravate the relationship over time. Nonetheless, Liszt would remain devoted to and enthusiastic for the music and achievements of these composers. He would be a vital force in disseminating their music to a wider audience, as he would be with many other composers throughout his career. His primary means for accomplishing this was the piano transcription. Liszt and the Transcription Transcription versus Paraphrase Transcription and paraphrase were popular terms in nineteenth-century music, although certainly not unique to this period. Musicians understood that there were clear distinctions between these two terms, but as is often the case these distinctions could be blurred. Transcription, literally writing over, entails reworking or adapting a piece of music for a performance medium different from that of its original; arrangement is a possible synonym. Adapting is a key part of this process, for the success of a transcription relies on the transcriber's ability to adapt the piece to the different medium. As a result, the pre-existing material is generally kept intact, recognizable and intelligible; it is strict, literal, objective. Contextual meaning is maintained in the process, as are elements of style and form. Paraphrase, by contrast, implies restating something in a different manner, as in a rewording of a document for reasons of clarity. In nineteenth-century music, paraphrasing indicated elaborating a piece for purposes of expressive virtuosity, often as a vehicle for showmanship. Variation is an important element, for the source material may be varied as much as the paraphraser's imagination will allow; its purpose is metamorphosis. Transcription is adapting and arranging; paraphrasing is transforming and reworking. Transcription preserves the style of the original; paraphrase absorbs the original into a different style. Transcription highlights the original composer; paraphrase highlights the paraphraser. Approximately half of Liszt's compositional output falls under the category of transcription and paraphrase; it is noteworthy that he never used the term arrangement. Much of his early compositional activities were transcriptions and paraphrases of works of other composers, such as the symphonies of Beethoven and Berlioz, vocal music by Schubert, and operas by Donizetti and Bellini. It is conceivable that he focused so intently on work of this nature early in his career as a means to perfect his compositional technique, although transcription and paraphrase continued well after the technique had been mastered; this might explain why he drastically revised and rewrote many of his original compositions from the 1830s (such as the Transcendental Etudes and Paganini Etudes) in the 1850s. Charles Rosen, a sympathetic interpreter of Liszt's piano works, observes, The new revisions of the Transcendental Etudes are not revisions but concert paraphrases of the old, and their art lies in the technique of transformation. The Paganini etudes are piano transcriptions of violin etudes, and the Transcendental Etudes are piano transcriptions of piano etudes. The principles are the same. He concludes by noting, Paraphrase has shaded off into composition...Composition and paraphrase were not identical for him, but they were so closely interwoven that separation is impossible. The significance of transcription and paraphrase for Liszt the composer cannot be overstated, and the mutual influence of each needs to be better understood. Undoubtedly, Liszt the composer as we know him today would be far different had he not devoted so much of his career to transcribing and paraphrasing the music of others. He was perhaps one of the first composers to contend that transcription and paraphrase could be genuine art forms on equal par with original pieces; he even claimed to be the first to use these two terms to describe these classes of arrangements. Despite the success that Liszt achieved with this type of work, others viewed it with circumspection and criticism. Robert Schumann, although deeply impressed with Liszt's keyboard virtuosity, was harsh in his criticisms of the transcriptions. Schumann interpreted them as indicators that Liszt's virtuosity had hindered his compositional development and suggested that Liszt transcribed the music of others to compensate for his own compositional deficiencies. Nonetheless, Liszt's piano transcriptions, what he sometimes called partitions de piano (or piano scores), were instrumental in promoting composers whose music was unknown at the time or inaccessible in areas outside of major European capitals, areas that Liszt willingly toured during his Glanzzeit. To this end, the transcriptions had to be literal arrangements for the piano; a Beethoven symphony could not be introduced to an unknowing audience if its music had been subjected to imaginative elaborations and variations. The same would be true of the 1833 transcription of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (composed only three years earlier), the astonishingly novel content of which would necessitate a literal and intelligible rendering. Opera, usually more popular and accessible for the general public, was a different matter, and in this realm Liszt could paraphrase the original and manipulate it as his imagination would allow without jeopardizing its reception; hence, the paraphrases on the operas of Bellini, Donizetti, Mozart, Meyerbeer and Verdi. Reminiscence was another term coined by Liszt for the opera paraphrases, as if the composer were reminiscing at the keyboard following a memorable evening at the opera. Illustration (reserved on two occasions for Meyerbeer) and fantasy were additional terms. The operas of Wagner were exceptions. His music was less suited to paraphrase due to its general lack of familiarity at the time. Transcription of Wagner's music was thus obligatory, as it was of Beethoven's and Berlioz's music; perhaps the composer himself insisted on this approach. Liszt's Lieder Transcriptions Liszt's initial encounters with Schubert's music, as mentioned previously, were with the Lieder. His first transcription of a Schubert Lied was Die Rose in 1833, followed by Lob der Tranen in 1837. Thirty-nine additional transcriptions appeared at a rapid pace over the following three years, and in 1846, the Schubert Lieder transcriptions would conclude, by which point he had completed fifty-eight, the most of any composer. Critical response to these transcriptions was highly favorable--aside from the view held by Schumann--particularly when Liszt himself played these pieces in concert. Some were published immediately by Anton Diabelli, famous for the theme that inspired Beethoven's variations. Others were published by the Viennese publisher Tobias Haslinger (one of Beethoven's and Schubert's publishers in the 1820s), who sold his reserves so quickly that he would repeatedly plead for more. However, Liszt's enthusiasm for work of this nature soon became exhausted, as he noted in a letter of 1839 to the publisher Breitkopf und Hartel: That good Haslinger overwhelms me with Schubert. I have just sent him twenty-four new songs (Schwanengesang and Winterreise), and for the moment I am rather tired of this work. Haslinger was justified in his demands, for the Schubert transcriptions were received with great enthusiasm. One Gottfried Wilhelm Fink, then editor of the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, observed of these transcriptions: Nothing in recent memory has caused such sensation and enjoyment in both pianists and audiences as these arrangements...The demand for them has in no way been satisfied; and it will not be until these arrangements are seen on pianos everywhere. They have indeed made quite a splash. Eduard Hanslick, never a sympathetic critic of Liszt's music, acknowledged thirty years after the fact that, Liszt's transcriptions of Schubert Lieder were epoch-making. There was hardly a concert in which Liszt did not have to play one or two of them--even when they were not listed on the program. These transcriptions quickly became some of his most sough-after pieces, despite their extreme technical demands. Leading pianists of the day, such as Clara Wieck and Sigismond Thalberg, incorporated them into their concert programs immediately upon publication. Moreover, the transcriptions would serve as inspirations for other composers, such as Stephen Heller, Cesar Franck and later Leopold Godowsky, all of whom produced their own transcriptions of Schubert's Lieder. Liszt would transcribe the Lieder of other composers as well, including those by Mendelssohn, Chopin, Anton Rubinstein and even himself. Robert Schumann, of course, would not be ignored. The first transcription of a Schumann Lied was the celebrated Widmung from Myrten in 1848, the only Schumann transcription that Liszt completed during the composer's lifetime. (Regrettably, there is no evidence of Schumann's regard of this transcription, or even if he was aware of it.) From the years 1848-1881, Liszt transcribed twelve of Robert Schumann's Lieder (including one orchestral Lied) and three of Clara (one from each of her three published Lieder cycles); he would transcribe no other works of these two composers. The Schumann Lieder transcriptions, contrary to those of Schubert, are literal arrangements, posing, in general, far fewer demands on the pianist's technique. They are comparatively less imaginative in their treatment of the original material. Additionally, they seem to have been less valued in their day than the Schubert transcriptions, and it is noteworthy that none of the Schumann transcriptions bear dedications, as most of the Schubert transcriptions do. The greatest challenge posed by Lieder transcriptions, regardless of the composer or the nature of the transcription, was to combine the vocal and piano parts of the original such that the character of each would be preserved, a challenge unique to this form of transcription. Each part had to be intact and aurally recognizable, the vocal line in particular. Complications could be manifold in a Lied that featured dissimilar parts, such as Schubert's Auf dem Wasser zu singen, whose piano accompaniment depicts the rocking of the boat on the shimmering waves while the vocal line reflects on the passing of time. Similar complications would be encountered in Gretchen am Spinnrade, in which the ubiquitous sixteenth-note pattern in the piano's right hand epitomizes the ever-turning spinning wheel over which the soprano voice expresses feelings of longing and heartache. The resulting transcriptions for solo piano would place exceptional demands on the pianist. The complications would be far less imposing in instances in which voice and piano were less differentiated, as in many of Schumann's Lieder that Liszt transcribed. The piano parts in these Lieder are true accompaniments for the voice, providing harmonic foundation and rhythmic support by doubling the vocal line throughout. The transcriptions, thus, are strict and literal, with far fewer demands on both pianist and transcriber. In all of Liszt's Lieder transcriptions, regardless of the way in which the two parts are combined, the melody (i.e. the vocal line) is invariably the focal point; the melody should sing on the piano, as if it were the voice. The piano part, although integral to contributing to the character of the music, is designed to function as accompaniment. A singing melody was a crucial objective in nineteenth-century piano performance, which in part might explain the zeal in transcribing and paraphrasing vocal music for the piano. Friedrich Wieck, father and teacher of Clara Schumann, stressed this point repeatedly in his 1853 treatise Clavier und Gesang (Piano and Song): When I speak in general of singing, I refer to that species of singing which is a form of beauty, and which is a foundation for the most refined and most perfect interpretation of music; and, above all things, I consider the culture of beautiful tones the basis for the finest possible touch on the piano. In many respects, the piano and singing should explain and supplement each other. They should mutually assist in expressing the sublime and the noble, in forms of unclouded beauty. Much of Liszt's piano music should be interpreted with this concept in mind, the Lieder transcriptions and opera paraphrases, in particular. To this end, Liszt provided numerous written instructions to the performer to emphasize the vocal line in performance, with Italian directives such as un poco marcato il canto, accentuato assai il canto and ben pronunziato il canto. Repeated indications of cantando,singend and espressivo il canto stress the significance of the singing tone. As an additional means of achieving this and providing the performer with access to the poetry, Liszt insisted, at what must have been a publishing novelty at the time, on printing the words of the Lied in the music itself. Haslinger, seemingly oblivious to Liszt's intent, initially printed the poems of the early Schubert transcriptions separately inside the front covers. Liszt argued that the transcriptions must be reprinted with the words underlying the notes, exactly as Schubert had done, a request that was honored by printing the words above the right-hand staff. Liszt also incorporated a visual scheme for distinguishing voice and accompaniment, influenced perhaps by Chopin, by notating the accompaniment in cue size. His transcription of Robert Schumann's Fruhlings Ankunft features the vocal line in normal size, the piano accompaniment in reduced size, an unmistakable guide in a busy texture as to which part should be emphasized: Example 1. Schumann-Liszt Fruhlings Ankunft, mm. 1-2. The same practice may be found in the transcription of Schumann's An die Turen will ich schleichen. In this piece, the performer must read three staves, in which the baritone line in the central staff is to be shared between the two hands based on the stem direction of the notes: Example 2. Schumann-Liszt An die Turen will ich schleichen, mm. 1-5. This notational practice is extremely beneficial in this instance, given the challenge of reading three staves and the manner in which the vocal line is performed by the two hands. Curiously, Liszt did not use this practice in other transcriptions. Approaches in Lieder Transcription Liszt adopted a variety of approaches in his Lieder transcriptions, based on the nature of the source material, the ways in which the vocal and piano parts could be combined and the ways in which the vocal part could sing. One approach, common with strophic Lieder, in which the vocal line would be identical in each verse, was to vary the register of the vocal part. The transcription of Lob der Tranen, for example, incorporates three of the four verses of the original Lied, with the register of the vocal line ascending one octave with each verse (from low to high), as if three different voices were participating. By the conclusion, the music encompasses the entire range of Liszt's keyboard to produce a stunning climactic effect, and the variety of register of the vocal line provides a welcome textural variety in the absence of the words. The three verses of the transcription of Auf dem Wasser zu singen follow the same approach, in which the vocal line ascends from the tenor, to the alto and to the soprano registers with each verse. Fruhlingsglaube adopts the opposite approach, in which the vocal line descends from soprano in verse 1 to tenor in verse 2, with the second part of verse 2 again resuming the soprano register; this is also the case in Das Wandern from Mullerlieder. Gretchen am Spinnrade posed a unique problem. Since the poem's narrator is female, and the poem represents an expression of her longing for her lover Faust, variation of the vocal line's register, strictly speaking, would have been impractical. For this reason, the vocal line remains in its original register throughout, relentlessly colliding with the sixteenth-note pattern of the accompaniment. One exception may be found in the fifth and final verse in mm. 93-112, at which point the vocal line is notated in a higher register and doubled in octaves. This sudden textural change, one that is readily audible, was a strategic means to underscore Gretchen's mounting anxiety (My bosom urges itself toward him. Ah, might I grasp and hold him! And kiss him as I would wish, at his kisses I should die!). The transcription, thus, becomes a vehicle for maximizing the emotional content of the poem, an exceptional undertaking with the general intent of a transcription. Registral variation of the vocal part also plays a crucial role in the transcription of Erlkonig. Goethe's poem depicts the death of a child who is apprehended by a supernatural Erlking, and Schubert, recognizing the dramatic nature of the poem, carefully depicted the characters (father, son and Erlking) through unique vocal writing and accompaniment patterns: the Lied is a dramatic entity. Liszt, in turn, followed Schubert's characterization in this literal transcription, yet took it an additional step by placing the register of the father's vocal line in the baritone range, that of the son in the soprano range and that of the Erlking in the highest register, options that would not have been available in the version for voice and piano. Additionally, Liszt labeled each appearance of each character in the score, a means for guiding the performer in interpreting the dramatic qualities of the Lied. As a result, the drama and energy of the poem are enhanced in this transcription; as with Gretchen am Spinnrade, the transcriber has maximized the content of the original. Elaboration may be found in certain Lieder transcriptions that expand the performance to a level of virtuosity not found in the original; in such cases, the transcription approximates the paraphrase. Schubert's Du bist die Ruh, a paradigm of musical simplicity, features an uncomplicated piano accompaniment that is virtually identical in each verse. In Liszt's transcription, the material is subjected to a highly virtuosic treatment that far exceeds the original, including a demanding passage for the left hand alone in the opening measures and unique textural writing in each verse. The piece is a transcription in virtuosity; its art, as Rosen noted, lies in the technique of transformation. Elaboration may entail an expansion of the musical form, as in the extensive introduction to Die Forelle and a virtuosic middle section (mm. 63-85), both of which are not in the original. Also unique to this transcription are two cadenzas that Liszt composed in response to the poetic content. The first, in m. 93 on the words und eh ich es gedacht (and before I could guess it), features a twisted chromatic passage that prolongs and thereby heightens the listener's suspense as to the fate of the trout (which is ultimately caught). The second, in m. 108 on the words Betrogne an (and my blood boiled as I saw the betrayed one), features a rush of diminished-seventh arpeggios in both hands, epitomizing the poet's rage at the fisherman for catching the trout. Less frequent are instances in which the length of the original Lied was shortened in the transcription, a tendency that may be found with certain strophic Lieder (e.g., Der Leiermann, Wasserflut and Das Wandern). Another transcription that demonstrates Liszt's readiness to modify the original in the interests of the poetic content is Standchen, the seventh transcription from Schubert's Schwanengesang. Adapted from Act II of Shakespeare's Cymbeline, the poem represents the repeated beckoning of a man to his lover. Liszt transformed the Lied into a miniature drama by transcribing the vocal line of the first verse in the soprano register, that of the second verse in the baritone register, in effect, creating a dialogue between the two lovers. In mm. 71-102, the dialogue becomes a canon, with one voice trailing the other like an echo (as labeled in the score) at the distance of a beat. As in other instances, the transcription resembles the paraphrase, and it is perhaps for this reason that Liszt provided an ossia version that is more in the nature of a literal transcription. The ossia version, six measures shorter than Schubert's original, is less demanding technically than the original transcription, thus representing an ossia of transcription and an ossia of piano technique. The Schumann Lieder transcriptions, in general, display a less imaginative treatment of the source material. Elaborations are less frequently encountered, and virtuosity is more restricted, as if the passage of time had somewhat tamed the composer's approach to transcriptions; alternatively, Liszt was eager to distance himself from the fierce virtuosity of his early years. In most instances, these transcriptions are literal arrangements of the source material, with the vocal line in its original form combined with the accompaniment, which often doubles the vocal line in the original Lied. Widmung, the first of the Schumann transcriptions, is one exception in the way it recalls the virtuosity of the Schubert transcriptions of the 1830s. Particularly striking is the closing section (mm. 58-73), in which material of the opening verse (right hand) is combined with the triplet quarter notes (left hand) from the second section of the Lied (mm. 32-43), as if the transcriber were attempting to reconcile the different material of these two sections. Fruhlingsnacht resembles a paraphrase by presenting each of the two verses in differing registers (alto for verse 1, mm. 3-19, and soprano for verse 2, mm. 20-31) and by concluding with a virtuosic section that considerably extends the length of the original Lied. The original tonalities of the Lieder were generally retained in the transcriptions, showing that the tonality was an important part of the transcription process. The infrequent instances of transposition were done for specific reasons. In 1861, Liszt transcribed two of Schumann's Lieder, one from Op. 36 (An den Sonnenschein), another from Op. 27 (Dem roten Roslein), and merged these two pieces in the collection 2 Lieder; they share only the common tonality of A major. His choice for combining these two Lieder remains unknown, but he clearly recognized that some tonal variety would be needed, for which reason Dem roten Roslein was transposed to C>= major. The collection features An den Sonnenschein in A major (with a transition to the new tonality), followed by Dem roten Roslein in C>= major (without a change of key signature), and concluding with a reprise of An den Sonnenschein in A major. A three-part form was thus established with tonal variety provided by keys in third relations (A-C>=-A); in effect, two of Schumann's Lieder were transcribed into an archetypal song without words. In other instances, Liszt treated tonality and tonal organization as important structural ingredients, particularly in the transcriptions of Schubert's Lieder cycles, i.e. Schwanengesang, Winterreise a...

SKU: BR.PB-5581

ISBN 9790004213919. 10 x 12.5 inches.

A Programmatic Declaration of BeliefFelix Mendelssohn Bartholdy composed his Reformation Symphony for the celebrations marking the 300th anniversary of the Confessio Augustana, the Protestant declaration of faith. Owing to various and only partially explained reasons, there was no performance in 1830, the year in question; it was only two years later that the composer conducted the premiere of his work, now heavily revised, in Berlin. There was only one more performance in Mendelssohn's lifetime, this one conducted by Julius Rietz in Dusseldorf; the composer had since distanced himself from his opus.Conceived for the concert hall, the symphony formulates its theological references through the integration of various motives. This occurs in the finale, for example, in which Mendelssohn quotes the Luther chorale Ein feste Burg in the flute, from where it builds up to a triumphant principal theme. The strong extra-musical aspect must have been one of the reasons for the composer's later avoidance of this score, especially since Mendelssohn was becoming increasingly skeptical about explicitly programmatic music in the instrumental domain. Next to the Dusseldorf performance material of 1837, two scribal copies have been examined for the first time; they transmit the main stages of the version of 1830.

SKU: BR.OB-5581-23

ISBN 9790004343234. 10 x 12.5 inches.

A Programmatic Declaration of BeliefFelix Mendelssohn Bartholdy composed his Reformation Symphony for the celebrations marking the 300th anniversary of the Confessio Augustana, the Protestant declaration of faith. Owing to various and only partially explained reasons, there was no performance in 1830, the year in question; it was only two years later that the composer conducted the premiere of his work, now heavily revised, in Berlin. There was only one more performance in Mendelssohn's lifetime, this one conducted by Julius Rietz in Dusseldorf; the composer had since distanced himself from his opus.Conceived for the concert hall, the symphony formulates its theological references through the integration of various motives. This occurs in the finale, for example, in which Mendelssohn quotes the Luther chorale Ein feste Burg in the flute, from where it builds up to a triumphant principal theme. The strong extra-musical aspect must have been one of the reasons for the composer's later avoidance of this score, especially since Mendelssohn was becoming increasingly skeptical about explicitly programmatic music in the instrumental domain. Next to the Dusseldorf performance material of 1837, two scribal copies have been examined for the first time; they transmit the main stages of the version of 1830.

SKU: BR.OB-5581-27

ISBN 9790004343241. 10 x 12.5 inches.

A Programmatic Declaration of BeliefFelix Mendelssohn Bartholdy composed his Reformation Symphony for the celebrations marking the 300th anniversary of the Confessio Augustana, the Protestant declaration of faith. Owing to various and only partially explained reasons, there was no performance in 1830, the year in question; it was only two years later that the composer conducted the premiere of his work, now heavily revised, in Berlin. There was only one more performance in Mendelssohn's lifetime, this one conducted by Julius Rietz in Dusseldorf; the composer had since distanced himself from his opus.Conceived for the concert hall, the symphony formulates its theological references through the integration of various motives. This occurs in the finale, for example, in which Mendelssohn quotes the Luther chorale Ein feste Burg in the flute, from where it builds up to a triumphant principal theme. The strong extra-musical aspect must have been one of the reasons for the composer's later avoidance of this score, especially since Mendelssohn was becoming increasingly skeptical about explicitly programmatic music in the instrumental domain. Next to the Dusseldorf performance material of 1837, two scribal copies have been examined for the first time; they transmit the main stages of the version of 1830.

SKU: BR.OB-5581-19

ISBN 9790004343227. 10 x 12.5 inches.

A Programmatic Declaration of BeliefFelix Mendelssohn Bartholdy composed his Reformation Symphony for the celebrations marking the 300th anniversary of the Confessio Augustana, the Protestant declaration of faith. Owing to various and only partially explained reasons, there was no performance in 1830, the year in question; it was only two years later that the composer conducted the premiere of his work, now heavily revised, in Berlin. There was only one more performance in Mendelssohn's lifetime, this one conducted by Julius Rietz in Dusseldorf; the composer had since distanced himself from his opus.Conceived for the concert hall, the symphony formulates its theological references through the integration of various motives. This occurs in the finale, for example, in which Mendelssohn quotes the Luther chorale Ein feste Burg in the flute, from where it builds up to a triumphant principal theme. The strong extra-musical aspect must have been one of the reasons for the composer's later avoidance of this score, especially since Mendelssohn was becoming increasingly skeptical about explicitly programmatic music in the instrumental domain. Next to the Dusseldorf performance material of 1837, two scribal copies have been examined for the first time; they transmit the main stages of the version of 1830.

SKU: PE.EP14504

ISBN 9790014136536. German.

rw? 2 by Mark Andre is a contemporary work for Vocal and Instrumental Ensemble which is part of a four-part cycle. The word rw? (pronounced rúach) comes from Aramaic and covers a whole field of words: wind, breath, soul, spirit. In the Bible it stands for 'Holy Spirit'. In his cycle, the French composer and sound researcher Mark Andre makes this 'holy' breath concretely and existentially tangible. rw? 2 was commissioned by Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart and was first performed on 12 June 2020 in Stuttgart by Gaechinger Cantorey. The complete cycle was first performed on 15 May 2022 at the KunstFestSpiele Herrenhausen, Hannover by more than 200 singers and Ensemble Modern, conducted by Ingo Metzmacher.

The full score is available for sale as part of the Peters Contemporary Library series. The performance material is available for rent. This product is Printed on Demand and may take several weeks to fulfill. Please order from your favorite retailer.

About Peters Contemporary Library

Ma rk Andre
Milton Babbitt
Daniel Bjarnason
Earle Brown
John Cage
Henry Cowell
James Dillon
Jonathan Dove
Brian Ferneyhough
Roxanna Panufnik
Rebecca Saunders
Erkki-Sven Tuur
Charles Wuorinen

These are just a few of the composers whose most adventurous scores are now available to purchase through the Peters Contemporary Library. A new global initiative of the Edition Peters Group, the Peters Contemporary Library is a project designed to put these bold 20th- and 21st-century works, once available only for rental, into the collections of libraries, performers, scholars, and conductors alike.

Kicked off in 2016, the Peters Contemporary Library already contains many cutting-edge works and is constantly expanding. We are proud to offer these bold new scores for sale, for the first time ever, to modern musicians and students of music all around the world.

SKU: CF.O5445

ISBN 9780825840449. UPC: 798408040444. 9 X 14 inches.

Written for the late Robert Shaw and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra in 1983, Desert Forests is one of the most successful of Brant's spatial works for conventional-sized symphony orchestra. The score mandates that the higher woodwinds (piccolos, flutes, oboes, clarinets) be stationed in a balcony at the back of the hall and the trumpets and trombones in boxes or balconies on opposite sides of the hall. There is also an optional improvised piano-obbligato. A recommended seating diagram for the stage instruments (also unusually arranged) is included in the score and was used to great effect in the performances conducted by Kurt Masur with the New York Philharmonic in May 1994. This extraordinary work expands the idea of bitonality and spatiality as a structural device to create a fifteen minute exercise in ecstatic polyphony, inspired, according to the composer by a visit to a forest of saguro cactus in Saguro National Monument, near Tucson, Arizona. Complete performance materials are available on rental.

SKU: FG.55011-556-9

ISBN 9790550115569.

Jean Sibelius (1865-1957) made his first sketches for material that would later find its way into Cassazione at the end of the 1890s; there are already hints of it among the sketches for the First Symphony, completed in 1899. He conducted the first performance of Cassazione as the opening number in a concert of his music held at the Helsinki University Hall on February 8, 1904. Described as ballad for orchestra, the work is structured in five episodes. Robert J. Ambrose's transcription for wind band is based on the original full symphony orchestra version (the full score published by Fennica Gehrman, ISMN 9790550112353). This transcription gives an opportunity to perform the work with smaller ensembles (down to 28 musicians) as well as full wind band. See the sample pages for instrumentation and performance notes.

SKU: FG.55011-557-6

ISBN 9790550115576.

Jean Sibelius (1865-1957) made his first sketches for material that would later find its way into Cassazione at the end of the 1890s; there are already hints of it among the sketches for the First Symphony, completed in 1899. He conducted the first performance of Cassazione as the opening number in a concert of his music held at the Helsinki University Hall on February 8, 1904. Described as ballad for orchestra, the work is structured in five episodes. Robert J. Ambrose's transcription for wind band is based on the original full symphony orchestra version (the full score published by Fennica Gehrman, ISMN 9790550112353). This transcription gives an opportunity to perform the work with smaller ensembles (down to 28 musicians) as well as full wind band. See the sample pages for instrumentation and performance notes.

SKU: CF.B3470

ISBN 9781491159460. UPC: 680160918058.

The awardee of two Guggenheim fellowships, Julia Perry studied composition with Luigi Dallapiccola and Nadia Boulanger, and conducted her works on a tour throughout Europe with the Vienna Philharmonic and the BBC Orchestra. She would become one of the first African-American female composers to have an orchestral work performed by the New York Philharmonic. Although she had an auspicious and promising career in her early life, it was tragically cut short by a series of strokes leading to partial paralysis and eventually, her death, at age 55 in 1979.Perry’s catalog is widely varied, featuring thirteen symphonies, numerous chamber and solo works, pieces for band, choral and vocal music, and four operas. Her Violin Concerto, completed in 1968, shows the influence of Dallapiccola’s teachings: sharp harmonic dissonances organized around specific pitch centers, short repetitive patterns that establish significant musical materials, and contrapuntal textures. Her fastidious performance markings in the solo violin part indicate her profound understanding of the instrument. Angular, muscled, and sparkling by turns, this piece is a sophisticated entry to the serious violinist's concert repertoire.There is no evidence or documentation that the Violin Concerto was ever premiered or performed during her lifetime, despite the fact that the composer prepared a full score, piano reduction and orchestral parts. Regrettably, this is the case with the majority of her works composed in the final decade of her life.
What is extraordinary about Julia Perry’s musical career was the astonishing success she attained in her early years. In her youth she studied piano, voice, violin and cello. She began to compose in her teenage years, her first publication being a choral work in 1947 by Carl Fischer. Her Stabat Mater was published in 1951 and would become one of her most often performed pieces, with performances in Europe and the United States. In 1953 she was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship to study with the Italian composer Luigi Dallapiccola, first at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood, later in Florence, Italy. During this time, she also pursued studies with Nadia Boulanger in Paris and was awarded a second Guggenheim fellowship. She studied conducting at this time, touring Europe in 1957 to conduct her own works with the Vienna Philharmonic and the BBC Orchestra. During her European sojourns, she learned and mastered French, German and Italian. She would become one of the first African-American female composers to have an orchestral work performed by the New York Philharmonic.Perry� �s circumstances would change dramatically once she reached forty years of age, having returned permanently to the United States. At some point in the spring of 1970, she suffered the first of two strokes that would paralyze her right side and confine her to a wheelchair for the rest of her life. Nonetheless, she continued to compose and to promote her works with publishers and conductors. A second stroke contributed to her death in 1979 at age 55. She likely endured harsh ethnic and gender discrimination in the course of her career, and her later years would witness a period of extreme civil unrest. These matters and the significance of music in her life are undoubtedly what led her to say, “Music has a great role to play in establishing the brotherhood of man.”Perry’s catalog is widely varied, featuring thirteen symphonies, numerous chamber and solo works, pieces for band, choral and vocal music, and four operas. Her Violin Concerto, completed in 1968, is indicative of the influence of Dallapiccola’s teachings: sharp harmonic dissonances organized around specific pitch centers, short repetitive patterns that establish significant musical materials, and contrapuntal textures. The work is a single movement of 392 measures organized around three alternating tempos: Slow (Œ = 60), Moderate (Œ = 84) and Fast (Œ = 120). The opening thirty-measure cadenza for the solo violin introduces most of the thematic material for the piece. The orchestration commonly features antiphonal writing between orchestral groups, for example, strings alternating with brass, or strings alternating with winds. The harp and piano generally appear as solo instruments, rather than as members of the orchestra. Her fastidious performance markings in the solo violin part indicate her profound understanding of the instrument.There is no evidence or documentation that the Violin Concerto was ever premiered or performed during her lifetime, despite the fact that the composer prepared a full score, piano reduction and orchestral parts. Regrettably, this is the case with the majority of her works composed in the final decade of her life.

SKU: HL.14023639

UPC: 884088814373. 8.0x12.0 inches.

The composer made this arrangement of the Third String Quartet for string orchestra in March 2003. The first performance was given by the Eos Orchestra, New York, conducted by Ken Selden in the Concert Hall, Ethical Cultural Society, New York City on 24 April 2003.Quoting composer: In the summer of 1989 I composed a choral work, Out of the Ruins, for Agnieszka Piotrowska's BBC2 documentary which dealt with the physical and emotional responses of some of the inhabitants of Leninakhan to the earthquake which devastated Armenia the previous December. When he heard the recording of the work that I made with the Holy Echmiadzin Chorus under the fervent conducting of Khoren Meykhanejian, Alex Balanescu suggested turning Out of the Ruins into a string quartet. There seemed no reason or opportunity to do this until I felt the need to add to the intensity of my experiences in Armenia the no less profound experience of witnessing the images of the Romanian revolution on television during the latter part of December 1989.Just as the structure of my Third String Quartet (1990) may connect it with the First, so they also share a debt to Thurston Dart (my professor at King's College, London, between 1961 and 1965). It was Dart who had the inspiration to send me to Romania in 1965, ostensibly to study folk music. The volumes of transcriptions that I brought back with me had remained unopened until, with this proposed 'celebratory' string quartet (though at the time it was difficult to know quite what to celebrate in postrevolutionary Romania), an occasion arose where I could use this material in what seemed to me was a non-exploitative manner. The compositional procedure was as follows: to take Out of the Ruins as a template on which the Romanian vocal or instrumental music would be superimposed, quite often stretched into new intervallic shapes through the demands of the completely pre-formed harmonic structure.

SKU: CA.3124879

ISBN 9790007211585. Language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score and parts available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124812

ISBN 9790007211486. Language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score and part available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124849

ISBN 9790007088484. Language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score and part available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124809

ISBN 9790007211462. Language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score and parts available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124899

ISBN 9790007085421. Language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score and part available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124875

ISBN 9790007211578. Language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124802

ISBN 9790007170837. Text language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124804

ISBN 9790007170820. Text language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124813

ISBN 9790007211493. Language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score and part available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124814

ISBN 9790007211509. Language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score and part available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.3124878

ISBN 9790007096908. Language: German/English.

Wit h the edition of the Christmas Oratorio within the framework of the Stuttgart Bach Editions, Carus presents a scholarly edition for practical performance. The basis for this publication are Bach's autograph score and the original parts. The conducting score contains an appendix with a concise Critical Report which provides information about the sources and their readings; when necessary, the latter are discussed in more detail, especially with regard to how the editor arrived at solutions for questions of articulation which differ from those found in previous editions. The representative, clothbound volume is supplemented by a study score as well as a choral score, a vocal score and complete orchestral material. In the orchestral material short excerpts containing the conclusions of the secco recitatives are rendered with cue notes in separate vocal systems printed above the score where the instrumentalists pause, thus enabling them make their entrances in the movements which follow these recitatives. This work is also available in carus music, the choir app! Score and parts available separately - see item CA.3124800.

SKU: CA.5505319

ISBN 9790007145804. Text language: English/German.

Sau l, published for the first time in the version conducted by Handel himself. Saul is one of the most dramatic of Handel's oratorios. To a greater extent than almost any other oratorio it reveals with its gripping dramatic power its proximity to opera of its time. The score demands what was at the time Handel's most varied orchestra. The normal opera orchestra of the day was augmented by trombones, harp, solo organ, carillon (Glockenspiel) and large kettledrums. The choir functions for the first time as a central participant in dramatic action, while also undertaking commentating functions as in a Greek tragedy. This new edition makes use for the first time of musical material revealed by the latest Handel research, based as its most important source on the conducting score from which Handel himself directed his performances. Only this research has shown which arias, choruses, recitatives and instrumental pieces, after he had made numerous corrections in his autograph, Handel chose for his performances, and in what order they were given. The result has produced, apart from many changes of details (e.g. autograph instructions concerning the use of the organ), uncommon ordering of individual pieces, and passages with altered notes. Score and parts available separately - see item CA.5505300.

SKU: CA.5505312

ISBN 9790007226589. Text language: English/German.

Sau l, published for the first time in the version conducted by Handel himself. Saul is one of the most dramatic of Handel's oratorios. To a greater extent than almost any other oratorio it reveals with its gripping dramatic power its proximity to opera of its time. The score demands what was at the time Handel's most varied orchestra. The normal opera orchestra of the day was augmented by trombones, harp, solo organ, carillon (Glockenspiel) and large kettledrums. The choir functions for the first time as a central participant in dramatic action, while also undertaking commentating functions as in a Greek tragedy. This new edition makes use for the first time of musical material revealed by the latest Handel research, based as its most important source on the conducting score from which Handel himself directed his performances. Only this research has shown which arias, choruses, recitatives and instrumental pieces, after he had made numerous corrections in his autograph, Handel chose for his performances, and in what order they were given. The result has produced, apart from many changes of details (e.g. autograph instructions concerning the use of the organ), uncommon ordering of individual pieces, and passages with altered notes. Score and part available separately - see item CA.5505300.