The "Messiah" (HWV 56) is an English-language oratorio
composed in 1741 by George Frideric Handel, with a
scriptural text compiled by Charles Jennens from the
King James Bible, and from the Psalms included with the
Book of Common Prayer (which are worded slightly
differently from their King James counterparts). It was
first performed in Dublin on 13 April 1742, and
received its London premiere nearly a year later. After
an initially modest public reception, the oratorio
gained in popularity, eve...(+)
The "Messiah" (HWV 56) is an English-language oratorio
composed in 1741 by George Frideric Handel, with a
scriptural text compiled by Charles Jennens from the
King James Bible, and from the Psalms included with the
Book of Common Prayer (which are worded slightly
differently from their King James counterparts). It was
first performed in Dublin on 13 April 1742, and
received its London premiere nearly a year later. After
an initially modest public reception, the oratorio
gained in popularity, eventually becoming one of the
best-known and most frequently performed choral works
in Western music.
Handel's reputation in England, where he had lived
since 1713, had been established through his
compositions of Italian opera. He turned to English
oratorio in the 1730s, in response to changes in public
taste; Messiah was his sixth work in this genre.
Although its structure resembles that of conventional
opera, it is not in dramatic form; there are no
impersonations of characters and very little direct
speech. Instead, Jennens's text is an extended
reflection on Jesus Christ as Messiah, moving from the
prophetic phrases of Isaiah and others, through the
Incarnation, Passion and Resurrection of Christ to his
ultimate glorification in heaven.
Handel wrote Messiah for modest vocal and instrumental
forces, with optional settings for many of the
individual numbers. In the years after his death, the
work was adapted for performance on a much larger
scale, with giant orchestras and choirs. In other
efforts to update it, its orchestration was revised and
amplified by (among others) Mozart. In the late 20th
and early 21st centuries the trend has been towards
authenticity; most contemporary performances show a
greater fidelity towards Handel's original intentions,
although "big Messiah" productions continue to be
mounted.
The three-part structure of the work approximates to
that of Handel's three-act operas, with the "parts"
subdivided by Jennens into "scenes". Each scene is a
collection of individual numbers or "movements" which
take the form of recitatives, arias and choruses. There
are two instrumental numbers, the opening Sinfony in
the style of a French overture, and the pastoral Pifa,
often called the "pastoral symphony", at the mid-point
of Part I.
By the time Handel composed Messiah in London he was
already a successful and experienced composer of
Italian operas, and had created sacred works based on
English texts, such as the 1713 Utrecht Te Deum and
Jubilate, and numerous oratorios on English libretti.
For Messiah, Handel used the same musical technique as
for those works, namely a structure based on chorus and
solo singing.
"Since by man came death" is the final chorus of Scene
I (Part III #46): The text for the chorus continues
Paul's thoughts, juxtaposing death and resurrection
twice. Consequently Handel twice uses a Grave a
cappella setting in A minor with chromatic lines,
opposed to an Allegro with orchestra in C major in most
simple harmony, switching back and forth between these
extremes.
Although originally written for oboes, strings and
basso continuo of harpsichord, violoncello, violone,
bassoon and Chorus (SATB), I created this arrangement
for Brass (Bb Trumpet, Flugelhorn, French Horn &
Euphonium) and Strings (2 Violins, Viola & Cello).
PARTITION